IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HELICOBACTER PYLORI ANTIGENS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN GASTRIC PATHOLOGY
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative bacterium with a marked affinity for gastric tissue and is globally recognized as a major cause of gastrointestinal disease. Chronic infection with H. pylori is implicated in a wide spectrum of disorders, including peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and several extra-gastric complications. The bacterium expresses multiple virulence factors—such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA), and a range of adhesins—that provoke a strong host immune response during the early stages of infection.
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