DUAL ROLE OF LEUKOCYTES IN CANCER DEVELOPMENT PROTECTION AND PROMOTION OF TUMOR GROWTH
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The immune system, and in particular leukocytes, play a complex and contradictory role in cancer pathology. This article explores the dual nature of leukocytes in cancer development - on the one hand, in tumor recognition and destruction, and on the other hand, in supporting tumor growth and metastasis. The study analyzes scientific articles and clinical trials published over the past decade (2015-2025) and examines the interactions of different leukocyte subpopulations (macrophages, T-lymphocytes, neutrophils, myeloid suppressor cells) in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) significantly contribute to cancer progression by promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis. Also, regulatory T lymphocytes and myeloid-derived suppressor cells exert immunosuppressive functions by forming an immunosuppressive environment. Meanwhile, effector lymphocytes, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, exert a strong antitumor response. This article reveals the molecular mechanisms regulating the dual properties of leukocytes, including the role of various cytokines, chemokines, and signaling pathways. The dynamic nature of the tumor microenvironment and the processes by which it becomes immunosuppressive are discussed in detail. The results of the study are aimed at improving immunotherapy strategies, in particular, by inhibiting immunosuppressive leukocyte populations and enhancing antitumor immunity. This article summarizes the latest advances in the field of cancer immunology and considers the possibilities of their implementation in clinical practice.
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