Prostate cancer is a major public health problem throughout the developed world. For patients with clinically localised prostate cancer, the diagnosis is typically established by histopathological examination of prostate needle biopsy samples. Major and minor criteria are used to establish the diagnosis, based on the microscopic appearance of slides stained using haematoxylin and eosin.The incidence of prostate cancer shows strong age, race, and geographical dependence. Less than 2% of cases are diagnosed under the age of 41, although this may represent an underestimate as screening for disease in young men is rare. Prostate cancer is relatively uncommon in Asian populations and prevalent in Scandinavian countries, and the highest incidence (and mortality) rates known are in African Americans. Causes of the disease are essentially unknown, although hormonal factors are involved, and diet may exert an indirect influence; some genes, potentially involved in hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have been identified. A suspect of prostate cancer may derive from elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values and suspicious digital rectal examination (DRE) finding.

prostate-specific antigen (PSA), hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), Gleason system, pathological stage(pTNM), low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), digital rectal examination (DRE), hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).

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