As a result of the increased concentration of xenobiotics in water, it has a negative effect on the reproductive systems of fish. Since heavy metals accumulate in the body of fish, they can easily enter the human body and cause negative consequences. They cause disturbances in the endocrine system of adult female fish, and metal in the amount of 0.52 mg/l inhibits the growth of fish. In general, it has a negative effect on blood circulation, immune, respiratory and hematological systems. Excess copper accumulates mainly in the liver of fish. When examining the morphological and histological parameters of the fish liver (Cyprinus carpio), we can see that it caused liver discoloration and necrosis. High levels of copper block catalase enzymes in the liver, muscles, and wounds within 24 hours. Lead blocks the conduction of impulses in fish by reducing the activity of monoamine oxidase and acetylcholine esterase. Lead weakens the immune system and increases susceptibility to infections.

Xenobiotic, fish, lead, copper, physiology, digestion, small intestine, liver, pancreas.

Yarsan Ye, Yipel M. The important terms of marine pollution Biomarkers and biomonitoring, bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, biomagnification. J Mol Biomark Diagn S1, 2013.

Polat F, Akin S, Yildirim A, Dal T (2015) The yeffects of point pollunants originated heavy metals (lead, copper, iron and cadmium) on fis’h living in Yesilrmak River, Turkey. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 1-12. Toxicol Ind Health January 9, 2015 0748233714565709.

Omar WA, Saleh YS, Marie M (2014) Integrating multiple fish biomarkers and risk assessment as indicators of metal pollution along the Red Sea coast of Hodieda, Yemen Repuplic. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 110:221-231.

Dupuy C, Galland C, Pichereau V, Sanchez W, Riso R, et. Al. (2014) Assessment of The Europian flounder responses to chemical stress in the English Channel, considering biomarkers and life history traits. Mar. Pollut. Bull., (2014)

Authman M, Abbas H (2007) Enviromental and experimental studies af aluminium toxicity on the liver of Oreochromis niloticus fish. Life Sci J: 764-776.

Walton R, MrCrohan C, Livens K (2009) Tissue accumulation of aluminium is not predictor of toxicity in the freshwater snail. Environ Pollut 157: 2142-2146.

Svobodová Z (1993) Water Quality and Fish Health. FAO, Rome, EIFAC technical paper No. 54, 67pp.

Camargo MMP, Fernandes MN, Martinez CBR (2009) How aluminium exposure promotes osmoregulatory disturbances in the neotropical freshwater fish Prochilus lineatus. Aquat Toxicol 94: 40-46

Barcarolli IF, Martinez CBR (2004) Effects of aluminum in acidic water on hematological and physiological parameters of the neotropical fish Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 72: 639-646.

Michael P (1986) Ecological methods for field and laboratory investigations. TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Boyd CE (1990) Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, USA.

Jezierska B, Witeska M (2006) The metal uptake and accumulation in fish living in polluted waters. NATO Science Series, Netherlands: Springer.

Cavas T, Garanko NN, Arkhipchuk VV (2005) Induction of micronuclei and binuclei in blood, gill and liver cells of fishes subchronically exposed to cadmium chloride and copper sulphate. Food Chem Toxicol 43: 569-574.

Radi AAR, Matkovics B (1988) Effects of metal ions on the antioxidant enzyme activities, protein contents and lipid peroxidation of carp tissues. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 90: 69-72.

Cyriac PJ, Antony A, Nambisan PNK (1989) Hemoglobin and hematocrit values in the fish Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) after short term exposure to copper and mercury. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43: 315-320.

Shiau SY, Ning YC (2003) Estimation of dietary copper requirements of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus x O. aureus. Anim. Sci 77: 287-292.

Decker C, Menendez R (1974) Acute toxicity of iron and aluminium to brook trout. Proc. W. Virg. Acad. Sci 46: 159-167.

Abbas HH, Zaghloul KH, Mousa MA (2002) Effect of some heavy metal pollutants on some biochemical and histopathological chanGES in Blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Egypt. J. Agric. Res 80: 1395-1411.

Cretì P, Trinchella F, Scudiero R (2010) Heavy metal bioaccumulation and metallothionein content in tissues of the sea bream Sparus aurata from three different fish farming systems. Environ. Monit. Assess. 165: 321-329.

Katti SR, Sathyanesan AG (1983) Lead nitrate induced chanGES in lipid and cholesterol levels in the freshwater fish Clarias batrachus. Toxicol. Lett. 19: 93-96.