ON THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY MODELING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37547/Keywords:
military science, modeling, planning, simulation, force ratio, analysis, enemy disposition, scenario, commander training, terrain.Abstract
This article examines the main stages in the emergence and development of military modeling from ancient times to the beginning of the twentieth century. It analyzes the approaches to military modeling employed by outstanding military commanders, investigates the features of the first professional military conflict simulation system, Kriegsspiel, and considers the contribution of twentieth-century military scholars to the development of the theory of military modeling.
Downloads
References
1. Fan Ye. Hou Han Shu [History of the Later Han Dynasty]. Available at: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/China/III/Fan_E/text1.htm (accessed 20 July 2026).
2. Sun Tzu. Iskusstvo voiny [The Art of War]. Translated by N. I. Konrad. Available at: https://realaiki.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/iskusstvo_voini.pdf (accessed 20 July 2026). (In Russian).
3. Sun Tzu. Traktat o voennom iskusstve [Treatise on the Art of War]. Translated by P. A. Samsonov. Minsk: Popurri; 2015. Available at:
https://books.yandex.uz/books/OazPurVv/read-online (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
4. Sun Tzu. Iskusstvo voiny [The Art of War]. Available at: https://www.litres.ru/book/sun-czy/iskusstvo-voyny-48748203/chitat-onlayn (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
5. Sun Tzu. Iskusstvo voiny [The Art of War]. Available at:
https://books.yandex.uz/@b5199968992/books/QiNn0eDb/quotes (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
6. Gorbylev A. Put' nevidimykh. Podlinnaya istoriya nin-dzyutsu [The Way of the Invisible: The True History of Ninjutsu]. Available at: https://readli.net/chitat-online/?b=79758&pg=8 (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
7. Pobeda Gamil'kara pri Makare [Hamilcar's Victory at the Macar River]. Available at: https://sv-scena.ru/Buki/Gannibal.8.html#Q675-Pobyeda-Gamiljjkara-pri-Makarye (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
8. V Mongolii dokazyvayut aktual'nost' drevnikh metodov "Tainoi razvedki Chingiskhana" [Mongolia Demonstrates the Relevance of Genghis Khan's Ancient Intelligence Methods]. Available at: https://ulan.mk.ru/social/2025/06/30/v-mongolii-dokazyvayut-aktualnost-drevnikh-metodov-taynoy-razvedki-chingiskhana.html (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
9. V Mongolii izdana kniga "Tainaya razvedka Chingis-khana" [The Book "The Secret Intelligence of Genghis Khan" Published in Mongolia]. Available at:
https://burunen.ru/news/society/138051-v-mongolii-izdana-kniga-taynaya-razvedka-chingis-khana (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
10. Grand Battery: Rules and Regulations for Napoleonic Wargaming. Available at: https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=Iub_0AEACAAJ (accessed 6 July 2026).
11. Leipzig – The Battle of Nations: A Wargamer's Guide to the Battle of Leipzig 1813. Available at: https://books.google.com.sg/books?id= CmAIEQAAQBAJ (accessed 6 July 2026).
12. Russkii biograficheskii slovar'. Tom 9 [Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 9]. St. Petersburg; 1903. Available at: https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/
Страница:Русский_биографический_словарь. Том_9_(1903).djvu/650 (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
13. Sherstobitova I. Metapredmetnoe soderzhanie romana L.N. Tolstogo "Voina i mir" na urokakh raznykh predmetnykh oblastei [Metasubject Content of Leo Tolstoy's Novel War and Peace in Teaching Different Academic Disciplines]. In: Otkrytaya metodika: v poiskakh utrachennogo ili shag v budushchee? [Open Methodology: In Search of the Lost or a Step into the Future?]. Proceedings of the III All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. St. Petersburg; 2019. pp. 217–226. (In Russian).
14. Letunovskii V. Menedzhment po Suvorovu: nauka pobezhdat' [Management According to Suvorov: The Science of Victory]. Moscow: Alpina Publisher; 2012. 298 p. ISBN 978-5-9614-1778-4. (In Russian).
15. Bardakhchiev Yu. Russkii geroizm. Fenomen Suvorova [Russian Heroism: The Suvorov Phenomenon]. Sut' Vremeni Newspaper. 2017;232. Available at:
https://rossaprimavera.ru/article/russkiy-geroizm-fenomen-suvorova (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
16. Playing War: The Development and Early Use of Kriegsspiel. Available at: https://www.iheart.com/podcast/269-footnoting-history-46372329/episode/ playing-war-the-development-and-early-294118814 (accessed 6 July 2026).
17. Georg von Reisswitz. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Georg_von_Reisswitz (accessed 6 July 2026).
18. Klöffler M. The Reisswitz Kriegsspiel: Cartographic Aspects, 1820–1850. Available at: https://kartdok.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/kartdok_derivate_00000441/Klöffler_Cartography_Kriegsspiel_2023_08_28.pdf (accessed 6 July 2026).
19. Vintjes J. "Not a Game but a School of War": Notes on the Early History of Prussian-German Kriegsspiel. Available at: https://data.isiscb.org/p/isis/citation/ CBB875043219 (accessed 6 July 2026).
20. Available at: https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/server/api/core/
bitstreams/e6b33cb9-0016-4318-93db-7db43f6126b9/content#38#18. (accessed 6 July 2026).
21. Wheatley K. Engineering under Uncertainty: A Genealogy of the Fog of War. PhD Dissertation. University of Auckland; 2022. Available at:
https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/server/api/core/bitstreams/e6b33cb9-0016-4318-93db-7db43f6126b9/content (accessed 6 July 2026).
22. Lawrence K. Kriegsspiel: How a 19th-Century War Game Changed History. Available at: https://militaryhistorynow.com/2019/04/19/kriegsspiel-how-a-19th-century-war-game-changed-history (accessed 6 July 2026).
23. Shumov V. Analiz funktsii pobedy po opytu strategicheskikh operatsii Velikoi Otechestvennoi voiny [Analysis of the Victory Function Based on the Experience of Strategic Operations During the Great Patriotic War]. Voprosy bezopasnosti [Security Issues]. 2020;(3). DOI:10.25136/2409-7543.2020.3.33092. (In Russian).
24. Yusupov R, Ivanov V. Iz istorii matematicheskogo modelirovaniya boevykh deistvii v Rossii (1900–1917 gg.) [From the History of Mathematical Modeling of Combat Operations in Russia (1900–1917)]. Informatika i avtomatizatsiya [Informatics and Automation]. 2023;22(5):947–967. (In Russian).
25. Mityukov N. Opredelenie zhertv voin cherez lanchesterskie modeli [Estimating War Casualties Using Lanchester Models]. Available at:
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/opredelenie-zhertv-voyn-cherez-lanchesterskie-modeli (accessed 6 July 2026). (In Russian).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Articles published in this journal are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0). Under this license:
- Share: Copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt: Remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, including commercially
Attribution required: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Authors retain copyright of their work while granting the journal first publication rights.
