International Bulletin of Medical Sciences and Clinical Research
International Bulletin of Medical Sciences and Clinical Research (ISSN-2750-3399) is an open access international peer reviewed german journal. IBMSCR publishes research monthly frequency basis. we explore your research worldwide by international Database indexings. we provide all articles crossref metadata link, google scholar, microsoft academic, Metadata Indexing and much more worldwide international indexings. Administer With Case Save Time With Automation 5000 Online Courses
NEWBORN INFANT: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEONATAL PERIOD, TRANSITIONAL CONDITIONS, MATURITY, AND SIGNS OF PREMATURITY (ICD – NEWBORN)
The neonatal period represents a critical stage in human development, covering the first 28 days of life. During this time, the newborn undergoes rapid physiological adaptation from intrauterine to extrauterine life. This article discusses the characteristics of the neonatal period, common physiological (transitional) conditions, the concept of newborn maturity, and the clinical signs of prematurity according to international classifications. Understanding these aspects is essential for early diagnosis, appropriate management, and reduction of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Neonatal period, newborn, physiological adaptation, transitional states, prematurity, maturity, ICD classification.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RISK FACTORS AND EARLY DETECTION STRATEGIES IN BREAST NEOPLASMS: A 5-YEAR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Breast neoplasms remain a major global health concern and represent one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women. Understanding both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, together with implementing effective early detection strategies, is essential for improving prognosis and reducing disease burden.
Breast neoplasms, risk factors, early detection, screening strategies, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, digital breast tomosynthesis, BRCA1, BRCA2, risk stratification.
Единственный желудочек сердца — это редкий и один из наиболее сложных врождённых пороков сердца, характеризующийся наличием только одного функционально полноценного желудочка. Данная патология сопровождается смешением венозной и артериальной крови, перегрузкой единственного желудочка и развитием сердечной недостаточности и лёгочной гипертензии. Без своевременного хирургического лечения прогноз заболевания неблагоприятный.
единственный желудочек сердца, гипоплазия желудочка, врождённые пороки сердца, цианоз, лёгочная гипертензия, операция Фонтена, кардиохирургия.
THE DEGREE OF PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE AND THE DETECTION OF ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA THE METHOD OF OBSERVATION
Hypoplasia is a congenital, or less commonly acquired, pathological condition in which the enamel of permanent or primary teeth in children fails to develop sufficiently. The condition manifests itself as the formation of various plaques and depigmented areas on the enamel surface; in some cases, the condition is accompanied by changes in the shape and size of the teeth.
Hypoplasia, enamel, erosive hypoplasia, sulcular hypoplasia, mixed hypoplasia, oral cavity, encephalopathy, nephropathy.
INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROSTHETIC METHODS USED FOR COMPLETE EDENTIA.
The anatomy of the dental, dental and basal arches, in the presence of intact dentition on the upper jaw of the arch, consistently narrows towards the apex, and the lower jaw, on the contrary, expands downwards. After complete loss of teeth, the difference immediately begins to decrease, disrupting the relationship of toothless jaws. On the upper jaw, its vestibular side atrophies more, and on the lower jaw, the lingual side in the lateral sections and the vestibular side in the frontal section, as a result of which the upper dental arch narrows and the lower one expands. The ratio of the jaws in the transverse direction also changes.
defect, caries, hard palate, atrophy, frenulum of the upper lip, prosthesis.
SHOVQIN VA VIBRATSIYANING SALOMATLIKKA TA’SIRI
Ushbu maqolada shovqin va vibratsiyaning inson organizmiga ko’rsatadigan fiziologik va patalogik ta’sirlari tahlil qilinadi. Shovqinning eshitish tizimi, yurak-qon tomir, markaziy asab tizimi va psixoemotsional holatga salbiy ta’siri ilmiy manbalarga asoslanib yoritiladi. Vibratsiya ta’sirida rivojlanadigan kasb kasalliklari, xususan, vibratsion kasallik, periferik qon aylanishi buzilishi, nevrologik o’zgarishlar va mushak -skalet tizimidagi shikaslanishlar bayon etiladi.
Shovqin, vibratsiya, eshitish pasayishi, tinnutis, stress, markaziy asab tizimi, yurak-qon tomir tizimi, vibratsion kasallik, periferik qon aylanishi, mehnat gigiyenasi, profilaktikasi.
ГИСТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ГОЛОСОВЫХ СВЯЗОК ПРИ БОЛЕЗНЯХ ГОРЛА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЛОРИНГИТА)
В данной статье рассмотрены гистологические изменения голосовых связок, возникающие при ларингите — воспалительном заболевании гортани. Представлены морфологические особенности тканей при остром и хроническом течении болезни, включая отёк слизистой оболочки, гиперемию, инфильтрацию лейкоцитами и изменение структуры эпителия. Особое внимание уделено различиям в клеточном составе и степени васкуляризации тканей на разных стадиях воспаления. Описаны диагностические критерии, выявляемые при микроскопическом исследовании, а также их клиническое значение для оценки тяжести заболевания и выбора терапевтической тактики. Полученные данные подчеркивают важность гистологического анализа в комплексной оценке патологических процессов при ларингите.
ларингит, голосовые связки, гистология, воспаление, эпителий, микроскопия.
WORLDWIDE ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES AND THE URGENT NEED FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS
Environmental problems have become one of the most serious global concerns of the 21st century. Rapid industrialization, population growth, deforestation, climate change, pollution, and the overuse of natural resources have caused severe damage to the Earth’s ecosystems. These challenges threaten not only nature but also human health, economic stability, and future generations. This article examines major worldwide environmental challenges, their causes and consequences, and highlights the urgent need for sustainable environmental solutions. It also discusses the role of governments, international organizations, communities, and individuals in protecting the environment and ensuring sustainable development.
Environment, climate change, pollution, sustainability, global challenges, renewable energy, drought, biodiversity.
INSON ORGANIZMI — KO‘P KOMPONENTLI ERITMALAR SISTEMASI: ICHAK MIKROBIOTASINING KISLOTA-ASOS MUVOZANATI VA GOMEOSTAZDAGI TERMODINAMIK ROʻLI
Ushbu maqolada inson organizmining ichki muhiti ko‘p komponentli va ko‘p fazali eritma sistemasi sifatida fundamental tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotning markaziy nuqtasi — ichak mikrobiotasining metabolik faoliyati natijasida hosil bo‘ladigan organik kislotalarning (SCFA) qon va to‘qima suyuqliklari pH muvozanatiga ta’siri biokimyoviy nuqtai nazardan ochib beriladi. Maqolada eritma tushunchasi klassik kimyoviy tushunchadan tizimli gomeostazning poydevori darajasiga ko‘tariladi. Mikrobiota tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan metabolitlar nafaqat mahalliy muhitni, balki butun organizmning elektrokimyoviy potensialini va bufer sig‘imini qanday qilib qayta shakllantirishi biokimyoviy kashfiyot prizmasi orqali yoritiladi. Bu yondashuv zamonaviy tibbiyot va kimyo chorrahasida gomeostazga yangicha qarash imkonini beradi.
Gomogen sistema, elektrolit eritmalar, pH gomeostazi, ichak mikrobiotasi, qisqa zanjirli yog‘ kislotalari (SCFA), bufer sig‘imi, metabolik atsidoz, osmotik bosim, biokimyoviy dinamika.
ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ОСОБЕННОСТЬ ПИЩЕВАРЕНИЯ У ЛЮДЕЙ ПРЕКЛОНОГО ВОЗРАСТА
Функциональные особенности пищеварения у лиц преклонного возраста формируются под влиянием комплексных возраст-ассоциированных изменений морфологической структуры желудочно-кишечного тракта, нейроэндокринной регуляции и системного метаболического статуса.
старение; гастроинтестинальная функция; ферментативная активность; панкреатическая секреция; дисахаридазы.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ГОРМОНОВ НА ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНУЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА
Гормональная регуляция желудочно-кишечного тракта представляет собой фундаментальный механизм, обеспечивающий согласованность секреторной, моторной и абсорбционной активности пищеварительной системы в различные периоды онтогенеза. Комплексный анализ гормональных механизмов регуляции позволяет рассматривать функциональную деятельность желудочно-кишечного тракта как динамическую систему, чувствительную к возрастным, нутритивным и микробиологическим факторам.
гастроинтестинальные гормоны; ферментативная активность; онтогенез; панкреатическая секреция.
IMPACT OF CLINICAL AND PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CRITERIA ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GASTRIC RESECTION
In recent decades, the global rise in obesity has reached epidemic proportions, posing a serious public health concern not only in developed countries but also in nations undergoing economic growth. Obesity is a major risk factor in the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and certain malignancies. As a result, implementing effective treatment strategies has become one of the key tasks for healthcare professionals.
obesity, sleeve gastrectomy, bariatric surgery, pathomorphology, gastric tissue, resection volume, parietal cells, fibrosis, individualized treatment.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PREPARATION FOR CARRYING OUT NITROUS OXIDE AND OXYGEN DENTISTRY IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY
Dental anxiety and fear are among the most common barriers to effective dental care in pediatric patients. Children often experience heightened emotional responses to dental procedures due to unfamiliar environments, fear of pain, and limited ability to understand or cope with treatment-related stress. These factors may lead to behavioral management difficulties, incomplete treatment, or avoidance of dental care altogether, which in turn increases the risk of oral diseases.
PREVALENCE OF DENTAL DISEASES AMONG PUBERTAL GIRLS: MAIN RISK FACTORS AND PREVENTIVE APPROACHES
The article presents data on the prevalence of dental diseases among pubertal girls (aged 13–17), obtained through surveys and analysis of dental service visits. The most frequent diagnoses identified were periodontitis, pulpitis, and lesions of the hard dental tissues. The study examined dentists’ opinions on the forms and effectiveness of primary prevention, as well as adolescents' perception of these preventive measures. Discrepancies were revealed between the views of professionals and patients. The most acknowledged forms of prevention were social media and individual consultations. Key risk factors included the consumption of carbonated drinks and inadequate oral hygiene. The study concludes that it is necessary to develop targeted preventive programs taking into account the age-specific and psychological characteristics of adolescent girls.
dental diseases, primary prevention, pubertal girls, risk factors, dental service utilization, preventive measures, social media, dentists’ opinions
HORMONAL IMBALANCE AND CAUSES OF FEMALE INFERTILITY: A CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEW
Female infertility is a multifactorial condition frequently associated with hormonal imbalance affecting the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. Disorders in endocrine regulation can disrupt ovulation, menstrual regularity, and endometrial receptivity. This article reviews the major hormonal causes of female infertility, including polycystic ovary syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, luteal phase defects, and metabolic influences. Mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and current management strategies are discussed. Understanding endocrine-related infertility is essential for early diagnosis and targeted therapy.
female infertility, hormonal imbalance, ovulatory disorders, PCOS, thyroid dysfunction, reproductive endocrinology
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES AND THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY IN COMORBID PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
To conduct a comprehensive assessment of morphological and functional changes in patients with isolated and comorbid forms of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), as well as to compare the effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies.
glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, neurodegeneration, combination therapy.
STRUCTURE, EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH
This article provides an in-depth analysis of the histological structure of the stomach, the differentiation of tissues during embryonic development, and the functional significance of the stomach wall. The stomach (ventriculus) represents the central organ of the digestive system, and its wall consists of four main layers: tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa. The article focuses particularly on the histological characteristics of the mucosal layer, the types of glands, and their cellular composition. The mucosal layer of the stomach is lined with a single-layered columnar epithelium, which contains numerous tubular glands composed of mucous cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, chief (zymogenic) cells, and endocrine cells.
Stomach, Embryonal, Endocrine, Stress, Mucous membrane, Gastritis, Epithelium, Specification.
DYNAMICS OF CLINICAL AND LABORATORY PARAMETERS IN THE POST-STROKE PERIOD OF OUTPATIENT MONITORING
Ischemic stroke remains one of the leading causes of disability and mortality. In a study of 287 patients, it was shown that the recovery of functional abilities depends not only on clinical factors but also on social conditions. In the early period, pronounced neurological deficits and multiple cognitive impairments were observed. Changes in hemostasis, elevated levels of inflammatory markers (sICAM-1, MPO, sE-selectin), and increased platelet adhesion were identified, which increased the risk of recurrence. The use of a combination of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel reduced the risk of recurrent stroke, while the addition of TMS and choline alphoscerate increased rehabilitation effectiveness by 1.5 times. Secondary prevention includes correction of risk factors and lifestyle modification.
PURIFICATION OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS LECTIN BY GEL FILTRATION CHROMATOGRAPHY
It is well established that gel filtration chromatography is an effective technique for the purification of proteins by removing low-molecular-weight impurities. In this study, gel filtration chromatography was employed for the purification of lectin isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds, with the aim of eliminating foreign low-molecular-weight and iodinated substances present in the crude extract. Lectin extraction was initially performed using a conventional saline buffer method. The purification process was carried out using a Bio-Rad BioLogic LP chromatography system equipped with a column packed with Sephadex G-75 gel. Tris-HCl buffer was used as the mobile phase, and the flow rate was maintained at 1.5 mL/min. The collected fractions were analyzed for protein content and lectin activity to identify lectin-rich fractions. The purified lectin was subsequently freeze-dried to obtain a solid form suitable for physicochemical characterization. Characterization included determination of protein and carbohydrate content, hemagglutination activity, and gel electrophoresis for molecular weight estimation. The results indicated successful purification of Phaseolus vulgaris lectin using gel filtration chromatography, yielding a biologically active lectin preparation with high purity. These findings confirm that Sephadex G-75 gel filtration is an efficient and reliable method for the purification of lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris seeds.
Phaseolus vulgaris; lectin; gel filtration chromatography; Sephadex G-75; purification; freeze-drying.
MOLECULAR BASIS AND BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN LIVING ORGANISMS.
This article highlights the basic concepts of biochemistry, the chemical processes occurring in living organisms, and their biological significance. The study analyzes metabolic reactions at the cellular level, as well as the structure and functions of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. In addition, the catalytic properties of enzymes and their role in biological processes are examined. The results of the article contribute to a deeper understanding of the importance of biochemical processes in organismal functioning and serve as a valuable resource for education and scientific research.
biochemistry, metabolism, enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, cellular processes, biological catalysis, energy metabolism
ACUTE APPENDICITIS: CAUSES, CLINICAL SYMPTOMS AND SURGICAL TREATMENT
This article describes the causes, clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and principles of surgical treatment of acute appendicitis, one of the most common acute diseases in surgery. Acute appendicitis often begins suddenly and, without timely treatment, can lead to severe complications of peritonitis. The article analyzes the mechanism of disease development, main symptoms, and differential diagnosis. Information is also provided on modern surgical methods - open laparoscopic appendectomy. This scientific work has both theoretical and practical significance for students and doctors of medical universities.
acute appendicitis, appendicitis, abdominal pain, surgery, appendectomy, laparoscopy, diagnosis, complications.
DIGITAL MEDICINE: HOW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES ARE TRANSFORMING HEALTHCARE
This article explores the role and significance of digital medicine in the healthcare system. The rapid development of information technologies is transforming medical services, diagnostics, treatment, and management processes. Electronic health records, telemedicine, artificial intelligence–based diagnostics, mobile applications, and remote monitoring systems are bringing doctor–patient communication to a new level. The study analyzes the impact of digital technologies on the quality, efficiency, and safety of healthcare services. In addition to the advantages, challenges such as data security, privacy, and technological inequality are also discussed. Digital medicine is a key factor in modernizing healthcare and promoting patient-centered services.
Digital medicine, information technologies, telemedicine, electronic health records, artificial intelligence, remote monitoring, healthcare digitalization, patient-centered care.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL COURSE CHARACTERISTICS OF CONJUGATIONAL JAUNDICE IN NEWBORNS DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF FEEDING
Neonatal jaundice is one of the most common conditions encountered in neonatology, and its course is directly influenced by the type of feeding. This article analyzes the early diagnosis and clinical course characteristics of jaundice in newborns who are breastfed, formula-fed, or receive mixed feeding. A review of the literature indicates that jaundice is more frequent and tends to last longer in breastfed infants; however, this condition is often associated with insufficient fluid and calorie intake. Proper organization of feeding practices plays an important role in preventing severe forms of jaundice.
newborn, jaundice, conjugational bilirubin, breast milk, formula feeding, early diagnosis.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME ACCORDING TO GESTATIONAL AGE IN PRETERM INFANTS
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants, particularly those born at lower gestational ages. The condition primarily results from pulmonary immaturity and surfactant deficiency, leading to alveolar collapse, impaired gas exchange, and progressive respiratory failure. This review aims to analyze current evidence on the early diagnosis, prevention, and management of RDS in preterm neonates, with a specific focus on gestational age–based risk stratification. Evidence indicates that antenatal corticosteroid therapy, early application of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and timely surfactant replacement significantly reduce disease severity and improve neonatal outcomes. Gestational age remains the most critical determinant of RDS risk and therapeutic response. A gestation-tailored, non-invasive, and preventive approach is essential for optimizing survival and reducing complications.
preterm infants, respiratory distress syndrome, gestational age, surfactant therapy, CPAP, antenatal corticosteroids
BO‘G‘ILISHDA HIQILDOQ VA TRAXEYA ANATOMIK O‘ZGARISHLARINING SUD-TIBBIY DIAGNOSTIK AHAMIYATI
Bo‘g‘ilish mexanik asfiksiyaning eng og‘ir va sud-tibbiy jihatdan muhim turlaridan biri bo‘lib, ko‘pincha zo‘ravonlik bilan bog‘liq o‘lim holatlarida uchraydi. Ushbu patologik jarayonda hiqildoq va traxeya anatomik tuzilmalarining shikastlanishi o‘lim mexanizmini aniqlashda, jarohatlarning tiriklik davrida yoki postmortem davrda yuzaga kelganini baholashda muhim diagnostik ahamiyatga ega. Hiqildoq tog‘aylari, perixondrial to‘qimalar va traxeya devorida yuzaga keladigan makro- va mikroskopik o‘zgarishlar mexanik bosim darajasi, bo‘g‘ilish usuli hamda asfiksiya davomiyligini aniqlash imkonini beradi.
Bo‘g‘ilish, mexanik asfiksiya, hiqildoq, traxeya, anatomik o‘zgarishlar, sud-tibbiy ekspertiza, morfologik belgilar
ОЦЕНКА ПСИХОЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ ПЕРЕД ОПЕРАЦИЕЙ УДАЛЕНИЯ ЗУБА
Цель исследования – оценить психоэмоциональное состояние пациентов перед операцией удаления зуба и выявить факторы, ассоциированные с выраженностью страха и его физиологическими проявлениями. Обследованы 100 пациентов (42 мужчины и 58 женщин) в возрасте 21–55 лет, направленных на плановое удаление зуба по хирургическим показаниям. Психоэмоциональный статус оценивали с использованием шкалы реактивной тревожности Спилбергера – Ханина и шкалы стоматологической тревожности Корха (Dental Anxiety Scale, DAS), а также дополнительных вопросов о предыдущем опыте лечения и субъективной оценке состояния зубов. Параллельно регистрировали артериальное давление, частоту сердечных сокращений, сатурацию кислорода; у подгруппы пациентов с наиболее выраженным страхом проводили анализ слюны на гормоны стресса (катехоламины). Установлено, что страх перед удалением зуба присутствует у подавляющего большинства пациентов и преимущественно носит умеренный характер, однако у части обследованных достигает уровня клинически значимой стоматофобии. Более высокие показатели тревоги и дентофобии выявлены у женщин и лиц моложе 30 лет.
Психоэмоциональное состояние; стоматологическая тревожность; дентофобия; удаление зуба; предоперационный стресс; шкала Спилбергера – Ханина; шкала Корха (DAS); катехоламины слюны; артериальное давление; медикаментозная седация.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ISOLATION OF LYOPHILIZED RABBIT PLASMA CITRATE
This study presents a laboratory-scale methodology for the prevention of blood coagulation in rabbit blood using sodium citrate and for the isolation of blood plasma. The sequential stages of plasma separation are described in detail. In addition, particular emphasis is placed on the instruments and reagents employed during the experimental procedures, as well as strict adherence to biosafety regulations throughout the research process.
rabbit blood, citrated blood, sodium citrate, blood plasma, anticoagulant, blood coagulation, centrifugation, laboratory technology, biological material, biosafety, immunological studies, biochemical analyses.
ОЦЕНКА КЛИНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ПОСЛЕ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОТЕЗИРОВАНИЯ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА ПОСЛЕ ПЕРЕНЕСЁННОЙ COVID-19-ИНФЕКЦИИ
Настоящее исследование посвящено оценке клинических изменений в полости рта у пациентов с сахарным диабетом 2 типа, перенёсших COVID-19-инфекцию, после установки съёмных зубных протезов. Известно, что COVID-19 и сахарный диабет способны вызывать нарушения иммунной системы, микроциркуляции и регенеративных процессов, что может отрицательно сказываться на эффективности стоматологического лечения.
COVID-19, сахарный диабет 2 типа, полость рта, пародонт, протезирование, клиника, стоматологическое лечение.
SIMULATION, VIRTUAL REALITY, AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN PEDIATRIC SURGICAL TRAINING: CURRENT GAPS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Training in pediatric surgery presents unique challenges due to small patient populations, anatomical variability, ethical constraints, and the high level of technical precision required. Traditional apprenticeship-based training models, while historically effective, are increasingly insufficient to meet modern educational and patient safety demands. In recent years, simulation, virtual reality (VR), and artificial intelligence (AI) have emerged as promising tools to supplement surgical education. However, most existing technologies are developed for adult surgery and lack pediatric-specific design, validation, and outcome correlation. This article reviews the current role of simulation, VR, and AI in pediatric surgical training, critically examines existing gaps in their development and implementation, and outlines future directions for research and integration. Emphasis is placed on the need for child-specific anatomical modeling, standardized curricula, objective assessment tools, and equitable access to training technologies. Addressing these gaps is essential to ensure that technological innovation translates into meaningful improvements in pediatric surgical competence and patient outcomes.
Pediatric surgery, Simulation, Virtual reality (VR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), child-specific anatomical modelling, technological innovation.
This article discusses the relationship between a teacher and a student in the process of imparting knowledge and the students' duty to and respect for the teacher.
Honor of the teacher, etiquette of the student, virtue of knowledge, education, respect and honor, spiritual heritage, responsibility, development of society, upbringing of the generation.