International Bulletin of Medical Sciences and Clinical Research
International Bulletin of Medical Sciences and Clinical Research (ISSN-2750-3399) is an open access international peer reviewed german journal. IBMSCR publishes research monthly frequency basis. we explore your research worldwide by international Database indexings. we provide all articles crossref metadata link, google scholar, microsoft academic, Metadata Indexing and much more worldwide international indexings. Administer With Case Save Time With Automation 5000 Online Courses
ЛАПАРОСКОПИЯ В ЛЕЧЕНИИ ВАРИКОЦЕЛЕ У ПОДРОСТКОВ
В подростковой урологии большое значение уделяется совершенствованию видеолапароскопической хирургии при лечении варикоцеле, поскольку это относится к малоинвазивным методам. При этом сравниваются разные хирургические подходы в рамках малоинвазивной хирургии варикоцеле. При выборе оптимального хирургического лечения в каждом конкретном случае требуется индивидуальный подход. При двустороннем варикоцеле видеолапароскопическая операция проводится одновременно. Видеолапароскопические операции при варикоцеле оказывают положительное влияние на снижение частоты послеоперационных осложнений и повышают эффективность лечения. При выборе хирургического метода для лечения варикоцеле у подростков необходимо учитывать не только клинические результаты, но и экономическую целесообразность процедуры.
варикоцеле, видеолапароскопия, хирургическое вмешательство
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BOLALARDA OSHQOZON VA O‘N IKKI BARMOQLI ICHAK YARASI TESHILISHINI KAM INVAZIV USULLAR BILAN DAVOLASHNI SAMARADORLIGI
Maqolada 12 yoshdan 18 yoshgacha bo‘lgan 35 nafar bolalarning oshqozon va o‘n ikki barmoqli ichak yarasi teshilishi va uning asoratlari davolash natijalari keltirilgan. Ushbu bemorlarda bajarilgan oshqozon va 12 barmoq ichak yaralarni videolaparoskopik usulda bartaraf etish holatlar 27(77,2%) holatda muvaffaqiyatli bajarilgan, 3(8,6%) holatda esa konversiyaga o‘tilgan. An’anaviy "ochiq" jarrohlik aralashuvlar esa - 5 nafar (14,2%) bemorda amalga oshirildi. Operatsiyadan oldingi diagnostikaning ultratovush va rentgenologik usullarining axborot mazmuni baholandi. Ayniqsa o‘rganilgan kasallikning klinik ko‘rinishlarining kasallikning o‘ziga xos kechishi va diagnostika, davolash natijalari tahlil qilindi. Oshqozon va o‘n ikki barmoqli ichakning teshilgan yaralarini videolaparoskopik va "ochiq" jarrohlik aralashuvlari qiyosiy tahlili o‘tkazildi.
videolaparoskopiya; bolalar; oshqozon va o‘n ikki barmoqli ichak perforatsiyasi.
BOLALARDA KATTA CHARVINI BURALISHINI DIAGNOSTIKASIDA LAPAROSKOPIYANI SAMARADORLIGI
Ushbu maqolada bolalar qorin bo‘shlig‘ida juda kam uchraydigan ulkan charvining aylanib qolishi bilan 12 bemor bolalarni davolash va diagnostika natijalari ko‘rsatilgan. Ulardan 8 tasida boshlang‘ich charvi aylanib qolishi kuzatilgan bo‘lsa, 4 tasida esa ikkilamchi charvi aylanib qolishi aniqlandi. 12 nafar bemor bolalarda endovideolaparoskopik usulida charvi kesib tashlash amalga oshirildi, shulardan 1 tasida qo‘shimcha appendektomiya amali bajarildi. Ulkan charvi kistasi bilan 1 bemorda videolaparoskopik kesib tashlash amalga oshirildi. Qorin bo‘shlig‘i shikastlanishi bilan tushgan bemorda yuqori o‘rta laparotomiya amali bajarilib, ochiq usulga o‘tildi. Jarrohlik vaqtida hamda jarrohlikdan keyingi davrlarda asoratlar kuzatilmaydi. Gipstologik tekshiruv jarayonida ulkan charvida gangrenoz omentit alomatlari aniqlandi. Endovideolaparoskopik vositalarini ishlatib operatsiyalar o‘tkazish, kasallikka aniq aniqlik kiritish, bir vaqtning o‘zida charvi kesib tashlashga erishish, ikkilamchi charvi aylanib qolishi sabablarini aniqlash imkonini beradi.
bolalarda ulkan charvi aylanib qolishi, boshlang‘ich aylanib qolish, ikkilamchi aylanib qolish, jarrohlik davolash, videolaparoskopiya.
ZAMONAVIY OLIY TA’LIM TIZIMIDA TYUTORLIK
Ushbu moqolada oliy ta’lim tizimida ta’lim va tarbiya jarayonini samarali tashkil etishda ta’lim muassasasi va talabalar o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarni mustahkamlash, talabalarning muassasasi hayoti va ta’lim jarayoniga moslashishiga ko‘maklashish, ularga uslubiy, ijtimoiy va psixologik yordam ko‘rsatish va talabalarda tanlagan kasbiga yo‘naltirishda kumaklashishni o‘z oldiga maqsad qilgan tyutorlik faoliyatida talabalarni ilmiy faoliyat olib borishida ustoz va tyutorning yordami yoritib berilgan.
Konsepsiyasi, tyutor, tendensiya, ilmiy faoliyati
O‘SMIR YOSHDAGI QIZLARDA GINEKOLOGIK KASALLIKLARNI DAVOLASHDA ENDOVIDEOLAPAROSKOPIK USULLARNI SAMARADORLIGI
Qorin og‘rig‘i bilan shoshilinch jarrohlik bo‘limiga yotqizilgan 109 nafar ginekologik kasalliklari bo‘lgan qizlarning davolanishi tahlil qilindi. Tekshiruv instrumental usullarni o‘z ichiga olgan: UZD exografiyasi va diagnostik laparoskopiya usullar qo‘llanilgan. 44 nafar bemorda o‘tkir qorin sindromi alomatlari bachadon ortiqlarini yallig‘lanishi oqibatida kelib chiqqanligi aniqlandi. Tuxumdon buralish 22 nafar qizlarda aniqlandi. 29 nafar bemor qizlarimizda tuxumdon kistalari aniqlangan bo‘lsa, 14 nafarida esa tuxumdonlar apopleksiyasi aniqlanib ularni davolash ishlari olib borildi. Tuxumdon buralish 22 nafar bemorda aniqlanib, 19 nafarida endovideolaparosokpik usulda bartaraf etildi, 3 nafarida esa an’anaviy laparotomiya usuldida bartaraf etilgan. 14 nafarida esa tuxumdonlar apopleksiyasi yorilishi natijasida qon ketish alomatlari aniqlagan bo‘lsa, diagnostik laparoskopiya yordamida 9 nafarida qon ketish alomatlari to‘xatilgan, 3 nafarida esa konservativ davo mualojalari yordam bergan.Reproduktiv funksiya buzilishining oldini olish uchun bolalar ginekologi va onkologi bilan hamkorlik qilish zarurligi ta’kidlanmoqda.
KAM INVAZIV USULLAR YORDAMIDA BOLALARDA CHOV VA CHOV-YORG‘OQ CHURRALARINI DAVOLASHNI TAKOMOLLASHTIRISH.
Maqolada Respublikaning Bolalar kam invaziv va endovizual jarrohlik ilmiy amaliy markazida 2017 yildan 2025 yillar davomida chov va chov-yorg‘oq yallig‘lanish tashxisi bilan 60 nafar kichik yoshdagilar davolanishda bo‘lgan bo‘lib, ularda yangi zamonaviy endovideolaparoskopik usullarda yallig‘lanishlarni yo‘qotish, an’anaviy davolash usuli bilan solishtirganda operatsiyaga sarflangan muddat va yallig‘lanishlarni qaytalanish miqdori kamligi, zamonaviy endolaparoskopiya texnologiyalarining ustunliklari keng yoritib berilgan.
chov yallig‘lanishlari, chov-yorg‘oq yallig‘lanishlari, gernioplastika, bolalar, laparoskopiya
BOLALARDA VARIKOTSELENI KAM INVAZIV USULLARDA DAVOLASHNI O‘ZIGA XOSLIGI VA SAMARADORLIGI
Urologiya bo‘yicha varikotseleni davolashda videolaparoskopik usulni yanada samarali qilishga e'tibor beriladi, bu esa kam shikastli jarrohlik usullarini ishlab chiqishga turtar. Farkli varikotseleni kam shikastli davolash usullari ham muqayisaladi. Har bir bemorning holatiga qarab, jarrohlik usulini tanlashda farq qiladigan yondashuv zarur. Agar bemorlarda ikkala tarafda varikotsele bo‘lsa, videolaparoskopik operatsiya bir damda amalga oshiriladi. Videolaparoskopik operatsiyalar varikotseleni davolashda, operatsiyadan keyin davolanuvchilarning qaytish davri qishatilishi va davolash natijalarini yaxshilashga yordam beradi. O‘smir yoshlarda varikotseleni kasalligini davolashda, jarrohlik usulini tanlashda, nafaqat klinik natijalar, balki ham moliyaviy samaradorlik ham hisobga olinadi.
varikotsele, laparoskopik video jarrohlik, chirurgik usullar
BOLALARDA QORIN BO‘SHLIG‘I BITISHMALI KASALLIKLARI DAVOLASH PROFILAKTIKASIDA ZAMONAVIY YONDOSHUVLAR
Maqolada 111 nafar go‘daklarda bitishmali ichak tutilishining turli xil ko‘rinishlarini davolash tahlillari bayon etilgan. Shu asosda davolashning operativ va konservativ muolaja usullariga qiyosiy yondashuv, xastalik shakllariga ko‘ra, klinik kechishi va amalga oshirilgan konservativ tadbirlarning samaradorligi aniqlanadi. Ko‘rsatilgan mezonlar belgilangan maqsadga yetishish uchun quvnoq darajada asossiz operatsiyalar miqdorini va ularning asoratlarini qisqartirish, o‘lim bilan yakunlanish holatlarini pasaytirishga yo‘naltirilgan. Klinik tajribada bitishmali ichak tutilishi oldini olish, reabilitatsiyasida majmuaviy davolash usullarini qo‘llash xastalik takroran paydo bo‘lish sonini kamroq qilishga imkon berishi mumkin.
bitishmali ichak tutilishi, muolajasi, oldini olish, go‘daklar
ЛАПАРОСКОПИЯ В ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПРИ ОСТРОЙ СПАЕЧНОЙ КИШЕЧНОЙ НЕПРОХОДИМОСТИ У ДЕТЕЙ
Острая спаечная кишечная непроходимость (ОСКН) у детей представляет собой довольно частым и серьезным недугом, нуждающимся в срочном хирургическом вмешательстве (1,2,3,4). Вопросу улучшения лечебно-диагностической помощи малышам при спаечной кишечной непроходимости посвящены многочисленные изыскания, однако, невзирая на непрерывное улучшение способов предотвращения, распознавания и терапии, до сих пор при этом заболевании сохраняется достаточно высокая смертность по сведениям ряда исследователей, 3,5- 9,65%, достигая при ранней ОСКН 18-25%. Несмотря на многолетний опыт диагностики и лечения СКН, значимость его не снижается (5,6,8). Частые повторения, отсутствие удовлетворительных способов предупреждения обусловливает потребность в разработке и усовершенствовании методик лечения данной патологии.
TABIIY DORILAR SINTEZI VA ULARNING KIMYOVIY TARKIBINI O‘RGANISH
Maqolada tabiiy manbalardan olingan dorivor moddalarning kimyoviy tuzilishi, ularning sintez mexanizmlari hamda biologik faolligini aniqlash usullari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, tabiiy birikmalarni laboratoriya sharoitida qayta sintez qilish orqali ularning samaradorligi va xavfsizligini oshirish yo‘llari ko‘rsatib o‘tiladi. Tadqiqotning maqsadi — tabiiy kelib chiqishli dori moddalarning tarkibini chuqur o‘rganish orqali yangi, ekologik toza va yuqori biologik faollikka ega preparatlar yaratish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirishdir.
Tabiiy dorilar, sintez, alkaloidlar, flavonoidlar, kimyoviy tuzilish, farmatsevtika.
GEPATIT VA SERROZ: JIGAR KASILLIKLARINING SABABLARI, ASORATLARI VA DAVOLASH YONDASHUVLARI.
Gepatit-jigarni yalig’lanishi bilan tavsiflanadigan tibbiy holat bolib,uning asosiysi virusli infeksiyalardan kelib chiqadi.Dunyo boylab gepatitning turli shakillari mavjud bo’lib, bu kasalikni nafaqat sog’liqni yomonlashtiradi,balki iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy hayotga ham katta zarar yetkazadi.Gepatitning asosiy turlari A,B,C,D va E viruslari tomonidan kelib chiqadi, ularning har biri o’ziga xos epidemiolagik va klinik xususiyatlarga ega. Ushbu maqolada gepatitning asosiy turlari,uning diagnostikasi,davolash usullari va profilaktikasi haqida so’z yuritamiz.
MAKTAB YOSHIDAGI BOLALARDA OVQATLANISH ORQALI D VITAMINI TA’MINLANGANLIGI VA IMMUN HUJAYRALAR, (MONOTSIT/MAKROFAG, T-HUJAYRA) IMMUN MODULYATSIYASI
So‘nggi yillarda D vitaminining biologik roli haqidagi tushunchalar tubdan o‘zgardi. Ilgari asosan kaltsiy-fosfat almashinuvi va suyak sog‘ligi uchun muhim steroid gormon sifatida tan olingan bo‘lsa, bugungi kunda uning pleiotrop ta’sirlari, ayniqsa immun tizimini modulyatsiya qilishdagi o‘rni ilmiy jamoatchilikning diqqat markazida turibdi. Ushbu keng qamrovli sharh maktab yoshidagi bolalarda ovqatlanish orqali D vitamini bilan ta’minlanganlik holati va uning asosiy immun hujayralar — monotsitlar, makrofaglar va T-limfotsitlar faoliyatiga ta’sirini 2015-2025-yillardagi ilg‘or xalqaro tadqiqotlar asosida tahlil qiladi. D vitaminining immunomodulyator ta’siri uning deyarli barcha immun hujayralarida, jumladan monotsitlar va T-hujayralarida mavjud bo‘lgan yadroviy D vitamini retseptorlari (VDR) orqali amalga oshiriladi. VDR faollashuvi yuzlab genlarning, jumladan antimikrob peptidlar (katesilidin, beta-defenzin) sintezi va yallig‘lanishga qarshi sitokinlar ishlab chiqarilishini boshqaradi. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, maktab yoshidagi bolalar orasida D vitamini tanqisligi (qon zardobidagi 25(OH)D darajasining <20 ng/mL) va yetishmovchiligi (21-29 ng/mL) dunyoning turli mintaqalarida, jumladan quyoshli iqlimli hududlarda ham keng tarqalgan muammo bo‘lib qolmoqda.
D vitamini, maktab yoshidagi bolalar, immunomodulyatsiya, monotsitlar, makrofaglar, T-hujayralari, VDR, 25(OH)D, sitokinlar, yuqumli kasalliklar.
GLIKOLIZ–LAKTAT–pH. NEYTROFIL IMMUNOMETABOLIZMINING “SWITCH” NUQTALARI
So‘nggi o‘n yillikda immunometabolizm sohasida erishilgan yutuqlar immun hujayralarining funktsional holati ularning metabolitik dasturlari bilan chambarchas bog‘liq ekanligini ko‘rsatdi. Ushbu sharh maqolada neytrofil immun hujayralarining glikoliz–laktat–pH o‘qi orqali boshqariladigan “switch” (o‘tish) nuqtalari tahlil qilingan. Neytrofillar mitoxondriyalari kam bo‘lgan va asosiy energiya ishlab chiqarish yo‘li glikolizga bog‘liq bo‘lgan immun hujayralar hisoblanadi . Ularning faollashuvi glikolitik fluxning keskin oshishi bilan kechadi, bu esa pirovard mahsulot sifatida laktatning to‘planishiga olib keladi. Laktat nafaqat metabolitik chiqindi, balki hujayra ichi va tashqi muhitda signal molekulasi sifatida ham xizmat qiladi . Laktatning to‘planishi mahalliy pH darajasining pasayishiga (asidoz) sabab bo‘ladi, bu esa o‘z navbatida neytrofillarning funktsional faolligiga, xususan, neytrofil hujayra tashqi tutoqlari (NET) hosil qilish qobiliyatiga ta’sir ko‘rsatadi . Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, laktat va pH o‘zgarishlari neytrofillarning yallig‘lanish joyidagi faolligini modulyatsiya qiluvchi muhim omillardir .
neytrofil, immunometabolizm, glikoliz, laktat, pH, asidoz, NEToz, MCT transporterlari, GPR81, yallig‘lanish.
ATSIDOZDA NEYTROFIL “OKSIDATIV BURST”I: NADPH-OKSIDAZA FAOLLIGI VA ROS DINAMIKASI
Neytrofil granulotsitlar organizmning tug‘ma immun tizimining asosiy hujayralari hisoblanib, ular patogen mikroorganizmlarni tanib olish, fagotsitoz qilish va yo‘q qilish orqali organizmni himoya qilishda muhim rol o‘ynaydi. Ushbu hujayralarning bakteritsid potensialining markaziy mexanizmlaridan biri bu "oksidativ portlash" (respirator portlash) jarayoni bo‘lib, u NADPH-oksidaza (NOX2) ferment kompleksining tez faollashuvi natijasida yuzaga keladi. Ushbu ferment kislorodni bir elektron bilan qaytarib, superoksid anion (O₂⁻) radikalini hosil qiladi, bu esa hujayra ichida va tashqarisida kuchli antimikrobiyal xususiyatlarga ega bo‘lgan birlamchi va ikkilamchi reaktiv kislorod turlarining (ROS) kaskadini boshlab beradi [1]. So‘nggi o‘n yillikda (2015-2025) olib borilgan ilg‘or tadqiqotlar nafaqat NOX2 kompleksining molekulyar tuzilishi va faollashuvining nozik mexanizmlarini, balki ROS dinamikasining vaqt va fazoviy jihatlarini, uning metabolik asoslarini va hujayra signalizatsiyasidagi qo‘shimcha funksiyalarini ham chuqur ochib berdi. Xususan, oksidativ portlashning energetik ta'minoti glikolizdan pentoza fosfat sikliga (pentose cycle) o‘tish orqali amalga oshirilishi, bu jarayonda glyukozaning to‘liq oksidativ pentoza fosfat yo‘liga yo‘naltirilib,
Neytrofillar; Oksidativ portlash; NADPH-oksidaza (NOX2); Reaktiv kislorod turlari (ROS); Superoksid dismutaza 1 (SOD1); p47phox fosforillanishi; Pentoza fosfat sikli; Immunometabolizm; Neytrofil hujayradan tashqari tuzoqlari (NETs); Surunkali granulomatoz kasallik (CGD).
RESPIRATOR ALKALOZ (GIPERVENTILYATSIYA) VA NEYTROFIL DEGRANULYATSIYASINING O'ZARO TA'SIRI. PATOFIZIOLOGIK MEXANIZMLAR, KLINIK AHAMIYAT VA TERAPEVTIK YONDASHUVLAR
Ushbu keng qamrovli tahliliy maqola intensiv terapiya bo'limlarida (ICU) tez-tez uchraydigan ikkita muhim patofiziologik jarayon - respirator alkaloz (giperventilyatsiya) va neytrofil degranulyatsiyasining o'zaro bog'liqligi va klinik ahamiyatini o'rganishga bag'ishlangan. Respirator alkaloz, arterial qonda karbonat angidridning (PaCO₂) keskin pasayishi (gipokapniya) va pH ning oshishi bilan xarakterlanadi va u ICU dagi bemorlarda juda keng tarqalgan kislota-ishqor muvozanati buzilishidir . Uning kelib chiqish sabablari ko'p qirrali bo'lib, markaziy asab tizimi kasalliklari, gipoksemiya, sepsis, og'riq, qo'rquv, shuningdek, noto'g'ri sozlangan mexanik ventilyatsiya kabi omillar ta'sirida yuzaga keladi . Gipokapniya natijasida miya qon aylanishining kamayishi, hujayra ichiga kaliy, fosfat va ionlangan kalsiyning siljishi kabi jiddiy fiziologik o'zgarishlar ro'y beradi, bu esa nevrologik simptomlar, mushak svyazmalari va yurak aritmiyalariga olib kelishi mumkin .
Respirator alkaloz; giperventilyatsiya; neytrofil degranulyatsiyasi; intensiv terapiya (ICU); sepsis; sistemik yallig'lanish javobi (SIRS); kislota-ishqor muvozanati; gipokapniya; mexanik ventilyatsiya; immunomodulyatsiya.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE AGENTS: DEFINITIONS, MECHANISMS, CLINICAL USE, AND PRACTICAL MONITORING
Hepatoprotective agents are medicines and bioactive compounds used to protect liver cells from damaging factors (viral infections, alcohol, medications, toxins, and metabolic stress) and to support recovery processes. In most cases, they do not replace etiological therapy; rather, they are considered an adjunct that acts on specific links of pathogenesis alongside cause‑directed management (antiviral treatment, withdrawal of the toxic agent, alcohol abstinence, and metabolic control). From a pathophysiological perspective, hepatoprotectors may reduce oxidative stress, improve membrane stability, attenuate inflammatory mediators, optimize bile flow, and enhance a regenerative microenvironment. The choice of a particular agent depends on the dominant type of liver injury (predominantly cytolytic vs. cholestatic patterns), disease severity, comorbid background, and the risk of polypharmacy. This narrative review summarizes a practical classification of hepatoprotectors, rational selection principles according to clinical syndromes, laboratory and instrumental monitoring, safety considerations, drug–drug interactions, and the boundaries of available evidence. The aim is to present a structured, indication‑based approach to hepatoprotective therapy with patient safety as the primary priority.
hepatoprotector, hepatocyte, oxidative stress, cholestasis, silymarin, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), N‑acetylcysteine (NAC), essential phospholipids, ademetionine, drug‑induced liver injury (DILI), monitoring.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ВРОЖДЕННЫХ СРЕДИННЫХ СВИЩЕЙ ШЕИ У ДЕТЕЙ
Врожденные срединные свищи шеи у детей являются одной из наиболее распространённых аномалий развития щитовидно-язычного протока и занимают значительное место в структуре детской хирургической патологии. Данная патология формируется вследствие нарушения эмбрионального развития и может проявляться наличием свищевого хода по средней линии шеи, периодическими воспалительными процессами и выделениями из свища. Несвоевременная диагностика и лечение приводят к рецидивам и развитию осложнений.
Врожденный срединный свищ шеи; щитовидно-язычный проток; дети; операция Систранка; хирургическое лечение; врожденные аномалии развития; детская хирургия; фистулография; ультразвуковая диагностика; рецидив.
СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ МЕТОДОМ ЗАУШНЫХ БЛОКАД ПРИ КОХЛЯРНОМ НЕВРИТЕ
Кохлярный неврит (нейросенсорная тугоухость) является одной из наиболее распространённых причин снижения слуха у лиц различного возраста и характеризуется поражением слухового нерва и рецепторного аппарата внутреннего уха. В современной оториноларингологии особое внимание уделяется малоинвазивным методам терапии, направленным на улучшение микроциркуляции, снижение воспаления и восстановление функции слухового анализатора. Одним из перспективных направлений лечения является применение заушных блокад — локального введения лекарственных препаратов в область сосцевидного отростка.
Кохлярный неврит; нейросенсорная тугоухость; заушная блокада; локальная терапия; микроциркуляция; слуховой нерв; оториноларингология; противовоспалительная терапия; сосудистая терапия; реабилитация слуха.
INTRODUCTION TO DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND TYPES OF IMAGING EQUIPMENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF X-RAY, CT/MSCT, MRI, AND ULTRASOUND
Diagnostic imaging (radiological diagnostics) is one of the key pillars of clinical medicine, providing objective evidence for early disease detection, differential diagnosis, selection of treatment tactics, and outcome monitoring. This article presents a comparative overview of the main imaging modalities—radiography and fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT) and multislice CT (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US)—with emphasis on their physical and technical principles, equipment architecture, diagnostic capabilities, limitations, and safety considerations. The paper argues that modality choice must be guided by the clarity of the clinical question, the patient’s risk profile (age, pregnancy, renal function, implants), and available resources; for examinations using ionizing radiation, the ALARA principle remains the central criterion.
diagnostic imaging, radiography, fluoroscopy, CT, MSCT, MRI, ultrasound, ionizing radiation, dose, ALARA, image quality.
EARLY PREDICTION OF HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN BASED ON CLINICAL INDICATORS
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is an immune-mediated condition caused by maternal alloantibodies against fetal red blood cell antigens, most commonly involving the Rh and ABO blood group systems. Early identification of neonates at risk is crucial to prevent severe anemia, hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus, and perinatal mortality. This article reviews and synthesizes current evidence on early clinical and laboratory indicators predictive of HDN, including maternal blood group status, direct antiglobulin test (DAT) positivity, reticulocyte percentage (RET%), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT), hemoglobin levels, and early-onset jaundice. Evidence suggests that combined laboratory predictors improve diagnostic accuracy compared to single markers. Early screening strategies integrating maternal risk assessment and neonatal biochemical indicators can significantly enhance timely diagnosis and intervention.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, ABO incompatibility, Rh incompatibility, early prediction, direct antiglobulin test, reticulocyte count, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, LDH, γ-GT
CUTANEOUS PURULENT DISEASES (PYODERMA): A REVIEW
Cutaneous purulent diseases (pyoderma) are inflammatory-purulent processes in the skin and its appendages resulting from bacterial infection. This group of diseases is one of the most common in dermatology, primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) and Streptococcus pyogenes. This review provides general information on the classification, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and problems of antibiotic resistance in pyoderma. Modern approaches recommend topical treatment as the first choice and systemic antibiotics only when necessary.
Pyoderma, cutaneous purulent infections, impetigo, folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, MRSA, antibiotic resistance, topical treatment
DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION
The article examines key aspects of the formation and development of the digital economy in the context of global socio-economic transformation. Theoretical approaches to defining the digital economy, methods for its assessment, as well as the impact of digital technologies on economic growth, productivity, and market structure are analyzed. Based on a comparative analysis of digital development indicators of various countries, the main trends and problems of digitalization are identified. The results obtained make it possible to determine the directions of state policy in the field of the digital economy.
digital economy, digitalization, information technologies, innovations, economic growth.
POSSIBILITIES OF EARLY DETECTION OF DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WITH THE HELP OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
This article discusses the importance, advantages and possibilities of applying artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the early detection of digestive system diseases in medical practice. The study analyzes the effectiveness of AI algorithms in the analysis of medical images, automatic detection of cancer signs during colonoscopy and gastroscopy. The article also discusses the advantages, problems and future prospects of clinical decision support systems based on AI.
artificial intelligence, digestive system, diagnostics, medical technologies, early detection, healthcare.
INFLAMMATORY AND ENDOCRINE MECHANISMS LINKING PEDIATRIC OBESITY TO INSULIN RESISTANCE
Pediatric obesity has emerged as a major global health concern, closely associated with the early development of metabolic disorders. Among these, insulin resistance represents a central pathophysiological mechanism linking excess adiposity to type 2 diabetes and cardiometabolic complications. Increasing evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation and endocrine dysregulation play pivotal roles in this process. Visceral adiposity promotes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which interfere with insulin signaling pathways. Simultaneously, adipokine imbalance—characterized by elevated leptin levels and reduced adiponectin concentrations—further impairs insulin sensitivity. Alterations in hypothalamic regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota changes have also been implicated in the development of insulin resistance in obese children.
Pediatric obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, adipokines, cytokines, endocrine dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, TNF-alpha, adiponectin, leptin.
NEWBORN INFANT: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEONATAL PERIOD, TRANSITIONAL CONDITIONS, MATURITY, AND SIGNS OF PREMATURITY (ICD – NEWBORN)
The neonatal period represents a critical stage in human development, covering the first 28 days of life. During this time, the newborn undergoes rapid physiological adaptation from intrauterine to extrauterine life. This article discusses the characteristics of the neonatal period, common physiological (transitional) conditions, the concept of newborn maturity, and the clinical signs of prematurity according to international classifications. Understanding these aspects is essential for early diagnosis, appropriate management, and reduction of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Neonatal period, newborn, physiological adaptation, transitional states, prematurity, maturity, ICD classification.
RISK FACTORS AND EARLY DETECTION STRATEGIES IN BREAST NEOPLASMS: A 5-YEAR SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Breast neoplasms remain a major global health concern and represent one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women. Understanding both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, together with implementing effective early detection strategies, is essential for improving prognosis and reducing disease burden.
Breast neoplasms, risk factors, early detection, screening strategies, mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, digital breast tomosynthesis, BRCA1, BRCA2, risk stratification.
Единственный желудочек сердца — это редкий и один из наиболее сложных врождённых пороков сердца, характеризующийся наличием только одного функционально полноценного желудочка. Данная патология сопровождается смешением венозной и артериальной крови, перегрузкой единственного желудочка и развитием сердечной недостаточности и лёгочной гипертензии. Без своевременного хирургического лечения прогноз заболевания неблагоприятный.
единственный желудочек сердца, гипоплазия желудочка, врождённые пороки сердца, цианоз, лёгочная гипертензия, операция Фонтена, кардиохирургия.
THE DEGREE OF PROGRESSION OF THE DISEASE AND THE DETECTION OF ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA THE METHOD OF OBSERVATION
Hypoplasia is a congenital, or less commonly acquired, pathological condition in which the enamel of permanent or primary teeth in children fails to develop sufficiently. The condition manifests itself as the formation of various plaques and depigmented areas on the enamel surface; in some cases, the condition is accompanied by changes in the shape and size of the teeth.
Hypoplasia, enamel, erosive hypoplasia, sulcular hypoplasia, mixed hypoplasia, oral cavity, encephalopathy, nephropathy.
INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROSTHETIC METHODS USED FOR COMPLETE EDENTIA.
The anatomy of the dental, dental and basal arches, in the presence of intact dentition on the upper jaw of the arch, consistently narrows towards the apex, and the lower jaw, on the contrary, expands downwards. After complete loss of teeth, the difference immediately begins to decrease, disrupting the relationship of toothless jaws. On the upper jaw, its vestibular side atrophies more, and on the lower jaw, the lingual side in the lateral sections and the vestibular side in the frontal section, as a result of which the upper dental arch narrows and the lower one expands. The ratio of the jaws in the transverse direction also changes.
defect, caries, hard palate, atrophy, frenulum of the upper lip, prosthesis.
SHOVQIN VA VIBRATSIYANING SALOMATLIKKA TA’SIRI
Ushbu maqolada shovqin va vibratsiyaning inson organizmiga ko’rsatadigan fiziologik va patalogik ta’sirlari tahlil qilinadi. Shovqinning eshitish tizimi, yurak-qon tomir, markaziy asab tizimi va psixoemotsional holatga salbiy ta’siri ilmiy manbalarga asoslanib yoritiladi. Vibratsiya ta’sirida rivojlanadigan kasb kasalliklari, xususan, vibratsion kasallik, periferik qon aylanishi buzilishi, nevrologik o’zgarishlar va mushak -skalet tizimidagi shikaslanishlar bayon etiladi.
Shovqin, vibratsiya, eshitish pasayishi, tinnutis, stress, markaziy asab tizimi, yurak-qon tomir tizimi, vibratsion kasallik, periferik qon aylanishi, mehnat gigiyenasi, profilaktikasi.