International Bulletin of Medical Sciences and Clinical Research
International Bulletin of Medical Sciences and Clinical Research (ISSN-2750-3399) is an open access international peer reviewed german journal. IBMSCR publishes research monthly frequency basis. we explore your research worldwide by international Database indexings. we provide all articles crossref metadata link, google scholar, microsoft academic, Metadata Indexing and much more worldwide international indexings. Administer With Case Save Time With Automation 5000 Online Courses
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EFFECTS OF ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONS ACROSS DIFFERENT FISH FARMING ZONES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND BROODSTOCK FORMATION OF GRASS CARP (CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA VALENCIENNES, 1844).
This study evaluates the biological and reproductive characteristics of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, 1844) and the ecological factors affecting broodstock formation under the conditions of the seventh fish farming zone of Uzbekistan. Fish farming zones were comparatively assessed according to accumulated thermal units, hydrochemical parameters, and environmental conditions. The results demonstrate that the climatic conditions of Uzbekistan, characterized by accumulated temperatures exceeding 3000 °C·days and water temperatures of 22–28 °C, provide favorable conditions for rapid growth and early sexual maturation, with males reaching maturity at approximately three years and females at 3–4 years of age. The findings provide a scientific basis for broodstock management and the development of intensive pond aquaculture technologies.
Grass carp, fish farming zones, reproduction, broodstock, hydrochemistry, ecological factors, accumulated temperature, pond aquaculture.
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STUDY OF SPECIFIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FILM-COATED TABLETS OF CLARITHROMYCIN
Research was conducted to assess the specific (antimicrobial) activity of film-coated tablets containing clarithromycin. The results showed that, according to the toxicity classification, this preparation is classified as low-toxic. It was ascertained that the preparation "Clarin" (250 mg and 500 mg) manufactured by Novugen Pharma LLC (Uzbekistan) has comparable specific activity compared to the similar preparation "Claricide" (250 mg and 500 mg) manufactured by Abbott Laboratories Ltd (Pakistan), indicating their biological equivalence.
clarithromycin, antibiotic, film-coated tablets, acute toxicity.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СИНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОГО ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ КОМПОНЕНТОВ КОМБИНИРОВАННЫХ КАПСУЛ «COVALIS»
Проведено исследование синергетического взаимодействия комбинации антигипертензивного средства и антиоксидантного компонента, обладающей потенциальным кардиопротективным действием. Объектом исследования являлась комбинация «Валсартан 160 мг + Коэнзим Q10 100 мг», разработанная в Ташкентском фармацевтическом институте. Исследование выполнено на модели солевой индуцированной артериальной гипертензии у новозеландских белых кроликов. Оценивали антигипертензивную, кардиопротективную и ангиопротективную активность валсартана и его комбинации с коэнзимом Q10 по показателям артериального давления и морфологического состояния аорты. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности комбинированного применения валсартана и коэнзима Q10 для коррекции сосудистых нарушений при артериальной гипертензии и обосновывают необходимость дальнейших исследований данной комбинации.
валсартан, коэнзим Q10, артериальная гипертензия, синергетическое взаимодействие, кардиопротективная активность, ангиопротективная активность, экспериментальная фармакология.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF X-RAYS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN FLUOROGRAPHY
This article discusses the history of the creation of fluorography, its physical foundations, operating principles, and importance in medicine. The properties of X-rays, the structure of the fluorography apparatus, the procedure for conducting the examination, the advantages of traditional and digital fluorography, and radiation doses are analyzed. The role of fluorography in the early detection of tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases, and the need to comply with radiation safety rules during diagnostic examinations are also described.
fluorography, X-rays, diagnostics, lung diseases, tuberculosis, digital fluorography, radiation dose, radiation safety, medical imaging, X-ray machine.
“PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FOOD SUPPLEMENT ‘MULTIVIT’ HERBAL TEA”
In the current climate, one of the key challenges facing nutrition science, food technology and pharmaceutical science is the development of dietary supplements based on medicinal plant materials that possess high biological value, safety and functional benefits. The growing public interest in natural products for preventative purposes is driven by the increasing prevalence of vitamin deficiencies, a decline in the body’s immune response, the impact of adverse environmental factors, chronic stress and an unbalanced diet. In these circumstances, the use of phytocompositions containing natural sources of vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids and other biologically active substances is regarded as an effective means of replenishing deficiencies in essential nutrients and maintaining the body’s functional state.
MODERN ESTRADE MUSIC: BIOMEDICINAL, NEUROLOGICAL, AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
This article examines the medical aspects of modern pop music's impact on humans. It analyzes the physiological, psychological, and neurocognitive effects of musical influence, the specifics of the impact of various musical characteristics on health status, as well as the potential risks and therapeutic possibilities of modern popular music. Special attention is paid to issues of auditory safety, emotional well-being, and the use of musical technologies in treatment and rehabilitation practice.
modern pop music, music medicine, music therapy, mental health, hearing, neuro-physiology, emotional state.
GIPERTONIYA KASALLIGIDA BEMORLAR PARVARISHI VA REABILITATSIYASI
Maqolada arterial gipertoniya bilan og'rigan bemorlarni hamshiralik parvarishi va reabilitatsiya bosqichlari tahlil qilingan. IMRAD tuzilishi asosida bemorlarni kuzatish, hayot tarzini o'zgartirish bo'yicha maslahat berish, dori-darmon qabul qilishga rioya qilishni nazorat qilish va jismoniy reabilitatsiya dasturlarining ta'siri yoritilgan.
gipertoniya, arterial bosim, hamshiralik parvarishi, reabilitatsiya, hayot tarzi, dori qabuliga rioya qilish, ikkilamchi profilaktika.
TARKIBIDA POLISAXARIDLAR BO‘LGAN DORIVOR O‘SIMLIKLAR VA MAHSULOTLAR
Mazkur maqolada tarkibida polisaxaridlar saqlovchi dorivor o‘simliklarning kimyoviy tarkibi, biologik faol moddalari, farmakologik xususiyatlari hamda zamonaviy tibbiyot va farmatsiyadagi qo‘llanilish istiqbollari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, shilliq moddalar, pektinlar, kraxmal, inulin va boshqa tabiiy polisaxaridlarning organizmga ko‘rsatadigan ijobiy ta'siri ilmiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilingan. Dorivor o‘simlik xomashyolarining sifat ko‘rsatkichlari, ularni yig‘ish, quritish, saqlash va farmatsevtik mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishdagi ahamiyati bayon etilgan. Polisaxaridlar immunomodulyator, yallig‘lanishga qarshi, antioksidant hamda regeneratsiyani tezlashtiruvchi tabiiy birikmalar sifatida farmakognoziyada muhim o‘rin egallashi asoslab berilgan.
polisaxarid, dorivor o‘simlik, farmakognoziya, pektin, shilliq moddalar, inulin, kraxmal, biologik faol moddalar, fitoterapiya, farmatsevtika.
IMPROVING PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND SURGICAL CORRECTION OF POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS IN ENDOSCOPIC ENDONASAL INTERVENTIONS FOR NASAL AND PARANASAL SINUS PATHOLOGIES
This scientific article is devoted to the improvement of preventive strategies and surgical management of postoperative complications following endoscopic endonasal surgery (EES) for diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. EES has revolutionized the surgical approach to skull base and sinonasal pathologies, offering significant advantages over traditional open techniques. However, the complex anatomy of the sinonasal corridor and the proximity of critical neurovascular structures present unique challenges that predispose patients to a spectrum of postoperative complications, ranging from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and intracranial infections to sinonasal functional disturbances such as crusting, adhesions, and septal perforation. This article synthesizes current evidence on refined surgical techniques, including a modified para/transseptal approach with mucosal preservation and graded skull base reconstruction protocols, to minimize complications. Furthermore, it discusses the role of enhanced perioperative management, including postoperative positioning and multidisciplinary collaboration, in improving patient outcomes. The findings underscore that a proactive, evidence-based approach combining technical precision with comprehensive perioperative care is essential for reducing complication rates and enhancing the quality of life of patients undergoing EES.
endoscopic endonasal surgery, postoperative complications, cerebrospinal fluid leak, sinonasal morbidity, septal perforation, skull base reconstruction, multidisciplinary approach.
PSYCHOLOGICAL METHODS FOR CORRECTING STUDENTS' INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY UNDER STRESSFUL CONDITIONS
This article analyzes the theoretical and practical foundations of psychological correction of students' intellectual activity under stressful conditions. Stress acts as a factor that significantly affects cognitive abilities (attention, memory, analysis, decision-making) and the emotional sphere of students during the learning process. Based on scientific sources, the article discusses the physiological and psychological mechanisms of stress, the reasons for the decline in students' intellectual activity under the influence of stress, as well as methods of psychological correction: elements of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation and breathing exercises, neurofeedback training, time management and stress resilience training, meditation, and mindfulness techniques. Furthermore, the clinical and pedagogical significance of psychological correction methods — reducing pre-exam anxiety, maintaining academic performance, and strengthening students' psycho-emotional health — is analyzed.
stress, students, intellectual activity, psychological correction, cognitive-behavioral therapy, relaxation, neurofeedback, stress resilience, time management, meditation.
БИОМЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ПРОДЛЕНИЕ ЖИЗНИ: СЕНОЛИТИКИ, ТЕЛОМЕРЫ И ЭПИГЕНЕТИКА
Данная статья анализирует современные методы биомедицинского продления жизни, в частности сенолитическую терапию, теломеры и эпигенетические механизмы. Старение рассматривается как биологический процесс, подробно освещены его основные факторы — клеточная сенесценция, укорочение теломер и эпигенетические изменения. Анализируются такие стратегии, как элиминация стареющих клеток с помощью сенолитиков (дазатиниб, кверцетин), повышение активности теломеразы и частичное перепрограммирование клеток с использованием факторов Яманаки. Рассмотрен потенциал геропротекторов — метформина, рапамицина и молекул NAD+. Делается вывод, что наиболее перспективным направлением замедления старения является устранение хронического воспаления и удаление сенесцентных клеток, однако большинство технологий всё ещё находятся на экспериментальной стадии.
старение, биомедицина, сенолитики, теломеры, эпигенетика, геропротекторы, метформин, рапамицин, NAD+, воспаление, продолжительность жизни
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurosensorimotor disorder manifested by unpleasant sensations in the lower limbs at rest, which compel the patient to move in order to relieve them. Despite the wide prevalence of the disease, systematizing the risk factors for its development remains a relevant task.
restless legs syndrome, Ekbom disease, risk factors.
FUNKSIONAL OZIQ-OVQAT MAHSULOTLARINING INSON SALOMATLIGINI MUSTAHKAMLASHDAGI AHAMIYATI
Maqolada funksional oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining inson salomatligini saqlash va mustahkamlashdagi o‘rni yoritilgan. Funksional mahsulotlarning tarkibi, ularning organizmga foydali ta’siri, bolalar ovqatlanishidagi ahamiyati hamda O‘zbekistonda ushbu yo‘nalishni rivojlantirish istiqbollari tahlil qilingan. Funksional ovqatlanishning zamonaviy jamiyatdagi dolzarbligi va sog‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni ko‘rsatib berilgan.
funksional ovqatlanish, probiotiklar, prebiotiklar, vitaminlar, minerallar, bolalar mahsulotlari, sog‘lom ovqatlanish, oziq-ovqat texnologiyasi.
THE GENESIS OF STRESS IN MODERN SOCIETY: A BIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS AND EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR OVERCOMING IT.
This scientific article systematically examines stress — one of the most pressing problems of modern society — along with its underlying causes and its negative effects on the human body. The study sheds light on the hormonal (cortisol, adrenaline) and psycho-physiological mechanisms of stress. Through clinical analysis, the article demonstrates the effectiveness of scientifically grounded methods such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, physical activity, time management, and digital detox in reducing stress levels. In addition, a comprehensive set of practical solutions and preventive recommendations for neutralizing chronic stress has been developed.
stress, cortisol, distress, homeostasis, cognitive adaptation, mental health, autonomic nervous system, digital detox.
GAMIFICATION IN TEACHING WRITING:OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
The integration of gamification into education has gained significant attention as an innovative strategy for enhancing student engagement and learning outcomes. In English language teaching, writing is often considered one of the most challenging skills for learners due to the complexity of organizing ideas, applying grammatical rules, and maintaining coherence. As a result, educators are increasingly exploring gamification as a means of making writing instruction more interactive, motivating, and effective. This study examines the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of gamification in teaching writing to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Gamification refers to the application of game elements such as points, badges, leaderboards, rewards, levels, and challenges in non-game educational contexts. These elements can increase learners’ motivation, encourage participation, and create a positive learning environment. In writing classes, gamification can transform traditional writing tasks into engaging activities that promote creativity, collaboration, and active learning. Students are often more willing to practice writing when they receive immediate feedback and recognition for their achievements.
Gamification, writing skills, EFL learners, student motivation, educational technology, language learning, writing instruction, learner engagement.
EXPERIENCE IN FORMING PROFESSIONAL AND CREATIVE COMPETENCIES OF FUTURE TEACHERS THROUGH QUEST TECHNOLOGY IN PHYSICS EDUCATION
This article presents the experience of developing pre-service physics teachers’ professional and creative competencies through the use of quest technology in physics education. The study analyzes the dynamics of students’ creative thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, and decision-making skills formed during quest-based learning activities. The effectiveness of the quest method in integrating theoretical and practical aspects of physics education is scientifically justified. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of quest technology significantly enhances students’ professional creativity, motivation, and engagement in the learning process.
physics education, quest technology, creative competence, professional development, learning process, interactive method, experimental study.
MUSIC EDUCATION BASED ON MODERN TECHNOLOGIES
This thesis examines the didactic and methodological potential of modern digital technologies in music education. The aim is to substantiate the conditions for the effective use of LMS platforms, mobile applications, audio-analysis tools, and selected artificial intelligence elements in developing aural, performance, and theoretical competencies. The methodology integrates a competence-based approach, blended learning, and data-informed assessment. The scientific novelty lies in proposing criteria for aligning technological tools with specific musical activities and learning outcomes.
digital pedagogy, blended learning, aural skills, performance skills, audio analysis, learning management system, formative assessment.
SELECTION OF EFFECTIVE INSECTICIDES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WILLOW LEAF BEETLE (PLAGIODERA VERSICOLORA LAICH.) AND EVALUATION OF THEIR EFFICACY
This article investigates the bioecological characteristics and phenological development of the willow leaf beetle (Plagiodera versicolor Laich), which is considered one of the major pests of willow trees. The study also focuses on the selection of effective insecticides against the pest, determination of their biological efficacy, and regulation of pest population density. The research findings provide a scientific basis for determining the optimal control period, application rates of chemical insecticides, and the development of practical recommendations for effective pest management.
Plagiodera versicolor, willow leaf beetle, willow biocenosis, insecticide, phenology, population, ornamental trees.
РОЛЬ НАРУШЕНИЙ ФОЛАТНОГО ОБМЕНА В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ОСЛОЖНЕНИЙ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ У ЖЕНЩИН С ОТЯГОЩЕННЫМ АКУШЕРСКИМ АНАМНЕЗОМ
В статье представлены результаты исследования, направленного на изучение течения и исходов беременности у женщин с отягощенным акушерским анамнезом, включая врожденные пороки развития плода и неразвивающуюся беременность. Установлена значимая роль нарушений фолатного обмена и гипергомоцистеинемии в развитии акушерских и перинатальных осложнений. Показано, что применение метилфолата в сочетании с витамином В12 способствует снижению уровня гомоцистеина, нормализации показателей гемостаза и улучшению исходов беременности.
неразвивающаяся беременность, врожденные пороки развития, гипергомоцистеинемия, фолатный обмен, плацентарная дисфункция, перинатальные исходы.
VITAMIN THERAPY IN LIVER CIRRHOSIS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON NEUROVITAN: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL APPLICATION, AND REGIONAL PRACTICE (UZBEKISTAN EXPERIENCE)
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic progressive liver disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis, regenerative nodules, and irreversible destruction of normal hepatic architecture. It remains a major global and regional public health problem, including in Uzbekistan, where viral hepatitis B and C and alcohol-related liver disease are the leading causes. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly of B-group vitamins, are highly prevalent in cirrhotic patients and significantly contribute to neurological, metabolic, hematological, and immunological dysfunction.
liver cirrhosis, vitamin therapy, Neurovitan, B-complex vitamins, hepatic encephalopathy, Uzbekistan, Andijan, alcoholic liver disease
ВЫБОР ТАКТИКИ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ РОСТКОВЫХ ЗОН ВЕРХНЕЙ КОНЕЧНОСТИ У ДЕТЕЙ.
Разработать план мероприятий и применение его для улучшения результатов лечение повреждения ростковых зон верхней конечности у детей.
Ростковая зона, верхний конечность, лазеротерапия.
THE INTERESTS OF YOUTH IN BUILDING THE NEW UZBEKISTAN
The article shows the role, position and duties of young people in society.The fact that neglect of young people in society has sad social consequences is justified on the example of a positive system. Protecting the needs and interests inherent in young people is shown to be an important factor in the establishment of a new Uzbekistan.
THE ROLE OF MEDIA EDUCATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL THINKING IN STUDENTS
The article provides a scientific basis for the development of ecological thinking among student youth within the educational process, as well as highlights the role and significance of media education. It emphasizes the importance of integrating modern media tools into teaching practices to enhance students’ ecological awareness and environmental culture. The study also analyzes how mass media and media education contribute to shaping ecological knowledge, environmental responsibility, and critical thinking skills in the context of contemporary educational systems.
Education, ecology, environmental thinking, youth, media universe, media education, media environment, mass media, radio, television, internet, social networks, pedagogical technology.
PRACTICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSIC THERAPY SERVICES
This article analyzes the practical foundations for improving the effectiveness of music therapy services, as well as its socio-pedagogical essence and mechanisms of impact, based on theoretical research and experimental results. The study identifies the key factors that determine the effectiveness of the music therapy process and develops methodological recommendations aimed at improving and optimizing these factors.
music therapy, socio-pedagogical activity, innovative technologies, rehabilitation, effectiveness, methodology.
ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS AND PYELONEPHRITIS DURING PREGNANCY: MATERNAL RISKS, PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS, AND PERINATAL OUTCOMES
Pregnancy is associated with physiological, anatomical, and immunological changes that predispose women to infectious diseases. Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and pyelonephritis are among the most common causes of maternal morbidity during gestation. The coexistence of these conditions may significantly increase systemic inflammatory responses and contribute to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This narrative review summarizes current evidence regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and pregnancy outcomes associated with concurrent ARIs and pyelonephritis. Available evidence suggests that combined infectious processes increase the risk of maternal complications, including sepsis, respiratory insufficiency, anemia, and acute kidney injury, while also contributing to preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and neonatal morbidity. Early recognition, multidisciplinary management, and preventive strategies remain crucial for improving maternal and perinatal outcomes.
pregnancy, acute respiratory infection, pyelonephritis, urinary tract infection, maternal outcomes, perinatal outcomes, inflammation.
STRESS HORMONAL RESPONSE AND METABOLIC ADAPTATION UNDER LOW-FLOW SEVOFLURANE ANESTHESIA IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING LAPAROSCOPIC VERSUS OPEN ENDOUROLOGICAL SURGERY: A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY
The magnitude of the surgical stress response in pediatric patients constitutes a critical determinant of perioperative morbidity, metabolic homeostasis, and postoperative recovery quality. Neuroendocrine activation elicited by surgical trauma manifests primarily through hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis stimulation, resulting in measurable elevations of serum cortisol, secondary disruption of pancreatic insulin secretion, and peripheral tissue hypoperfusion reflected in elevated blood lactate concentrations. Children are particularly susceptible to stress-mediated hormonal dysregulation owing to the relative immaturity of hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms and limited glycogen reserves. Whereas minimally invasive endourological techniques are presumed to attenuate the magnitude of this neuroendocrine response compared to open surgery, objective biochemical evidence in the pediatric population under standardized low-flow volatile anesthesia remains sparse. Characterizing the dynamics of cortisol, insulin, and lactate across surgical modalities is therefore of direct clinical and scientific importance.
STORAGE CONDITIONS AND SHELF-LIFE DETERMINATION OF THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE HERBAL TEA “HEPAGAL”
This article presents the results of scientific research aimed at determining the shelf life and storage conditions of the “HEPAGAL” herbal tea. The optimal composition and production technology of this hepatoprotective herbal tea, developed on the basis of locally sourced medicinal plant raw materials, were established, and its quantitative and qualitative indicators were evaluated through a comprehensive analysis. At the initial stages of the study, the appearance, color, moisture content, particle-size (fineness) fraction, mass per individual tea bag, and total flavonoid content (expressed as rutin equivalent) of the herbal tea were determined, and the measurement results were recorded. The prepared herbal mixture was packed into filter tea bags approved for use in medical practice and stored under natural conditions, at room temperature, for 30 months. Throughout the storage period, the above-mentioned quality indicators of the herbal tea and the dynamics of the release of biologically active substances into hot water were investigated on a regular basis. The results obtained confirmed the qualitative stability and satisfactory performance of the samples stored in all filter-bag packaging materials. On this basis, the guaranteed shelf life of the “HEPAGAL” hepatoprotective herbal tea was established at 2 years.
hepatoprotectors, plant raw materials, biologically active substances, assessment of quality indicators, sachet bag, filter tea bag, natural storage conditions, shelf life.
ORGANIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: MODERN APPROACHES AND EXPERIENCE IN UZBEKISTAN
This article examines the provision of mental health services to patients in primary health care (PHC) facilities. In recent years, access to mental health services in Tashkent and across Uzbekistan has declined. The study highlights that patients attending regional polyclinics demonstrate a substantial need for psychotherapeutic and psychiatric care. Strategies to expand and improve the efficiency of these services are proposed.
mental health services in primary care, psychotherapeutic support, limited coverage, rising demand, development strategies
COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL ANALYSIS OF RHINOSINUSITIS: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MULTI-MODAL TREATMENT
Rhinosinusitis represents a widespread and multi-layered inflammatory process of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses that imposes a substantial socioeconomic and clinical burden worldwide. This analytical review provides an extensive examination of rhinosinusitis, tracing its trajectory from intricate cellular immunopathology and molecular endotyping to state-of-the-art therapeutic paradigms. We explore the critical synergy between advanced non-pharmacological interventions, conventional topical therapies, and the emerging revolution of "pathway-specific" biologic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore, this review addresses the underlying drivers of clinical heterogeneity, the impact of stubborn microbial biofilms, and the challenges of managing recalcitrant disease variants. By integrating physiological thresholds, anatomical barriers, and host immune responsiveness, this work highlights the clinical necessity of transitioning toward a highly personalized, endotype-driven framework in modern otorhinolaryngology.
МЕТРОЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЙ УРОВНЯ ЖИДКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В МЕРАХ ВМЕСТИМОСТИ
Представлен обзор метрологического обеспечение измерений уровня жидких веществ в мерах вместимости и обоснование применения средств поверки уровнемеров.
порог чувствительности уровнемера, мера вместимости, измерение уровня, точность, эталон, уровнемер.